On Dinosaur Reconstruction: The Head

This paper presents the current knowledge about reconstruction of dinosaur heads. To reconstruct head, several features and functions head must be studied, namely osteology, musculature soft tissue cranial kinesis, craniodental biomechanical characteristics, posterior part cranium, skin, others. The main steps points resulting from study are following. Firstly, osteological remains studied for according to correct size form in comparison with known belonging same family case were not complete. As dinosaurs did have facial muscles, their skin was pressed directly skull. covering large openings front orbits many probably bulged gently outward, similarly, jaw muscles skull openings. Also, an investigation is performed decide if sauropods terrestrial or aquatic animals. Then, individual characteristics examined detail. These concern: 1) endocranial cast nerves, 2) nostrils position, 3) existence kind cheeks lips, 4) Teeth types function, 5) palate shape covering, 6) hyoid apparatus tongues, 7) details ear, 8) sclerotic rings eyes, 9) color. With gathered various parts mind, decisions made Amargasaurus (a sauropod) order a 3D, actual as worked example. Finally, procedure described